Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo contribuir com os estudos da Educação Infantil, explorando as amizades entre as crianças, marcadas por raça, gênero, classe e idade, num Centro Municipal de Educação Infantil que atende crianças com 5 anos. Trata-se de uma etnografia realizada na cidade de São Paulo, ao longo de sete meses, fazendo uso do registro em caderno de campo. Com base nas análises, pode-se destacar que as relações entre as crianças e a percepção que elas têm sobre suas identidades étnico-raciais e de gênero se constituem no contato com as diferenças. Na convivência cotidiana, as crianças constroem sentidos com a realidade, transformam os sentidos propostos a cada momento em que brincam juntas praticando a amizade.

Abstract This article aims to contribute to the studies related to Early Childhood Education, exploring the friendships marked by race, gender, class, and age, in a Municipal Center for Early Childhood Education that attends 5-year-old children. It is an ethnography carried out in the city of São Paulo for seven months, using field notes. Based on the analyses, we highlight that the relationships between children and the perception they have on their ethnical-racial and gender identities are established by the contact with the differences. In their daily experience, children built meanings with reality and transformed the proposed meanings every time they played together practicing friendship.

Resumen El artículo tiene como objetivo contribuir a los estudios de educación de la primera infancia, explorando las amistades entre los niños marcados por raza, género, clase y edad, en un Centro Municipal de Educación temprana que atiende a niños de 5 años. Es una etnografía realizada en la ciudad de São Paulo, durante más de siete meses, que utiliza el registro en el cuaderno de campo. Con base en los análisis, se puede resaltar que las relaciones entre los niños y la percepción que tienen bajo sus identidades étnico-raciales y de género están constituidas en contacto con las diferencias. En la convivencia cotidiana, los niños construyen significados con la realidad, transformando los significados propuestos en cada momento cuando juegan juntos practicando la amistad.

Resumo O Estresse Traumático Secundário caracteriza-se por um conjunto de sintomas e condutas que se manifestam após a exposição indireta ao trauma. Profissionais que cuidam de pessoas traumatizadas estão susceptíveis ao transtorno. Este estudo examinou a estrutura interna da versão brasileira do Cuestionario de Estrés Traumático Secundario. Participaram 624 profissionais da saúde, acessados on-line. Para realização das análises fatoriais, a amostra foi dividida em dois grupos. Na análise exploratória, foram retidos 12 componentes, com cargas fatoriais entre 0,312 e 0,999. Os resultados da análise confirmatória revelaram que o modelo de doze fatores para 50 itens forneceu o melhor ajuste possível para os dados (RMSEA = 0,044; IC = 10%-90%; CFI = 0,949; TLI = 0,904) e índice de consistência interna geral do modelo foi de 0,91. Esses doze fatores foram distribuídos em quatro escalas (Antecedentes, Síndrome de Trauma Secundário, Personalidade e Consequências), com índices psicométricos relativamente baixos e uma nova organização dos itens das escalas do QETS, em contraste com a versão teórica original do instrumento. Sugere-se que novos estudos psicométricos analisem as escalas do questionário, separadamente, e investiguem outras categorias profissionais, especialmente na área dos serviços de emergências, além de estudos comparativos com amostras clínicas.

Abstract Secondary Traumatic Stress is characterized by a set of symptoms and behaviors that manifest themselves after the indirect exposure to the trauma. Professionals caring for traumatized people are susceptible to the disorder. This study examined the internal structure of the Brazilian version of the Cuestionario de Estrés Traumático Secundario. 624 health professionals participated, accessing the online questionnaire. To perform the factorial analysis, the sample was divided into two groups. In the exploratory analysis, 12 components were retained, with factorial loads between 0.312 and 0.999. The confirmatory analysis revealed a twelve-factor model for 50 items provided the best possible fit for the data (RMSEA = 0.044; CI = 10% -90%; CFI = 0.949; TLI = 0.904). However, at the end of the data discussion, 48 items remained in the model, and the overall internal consistency index of the model was 0.91. These twelve factors were distributed on four scales (Background, Secondary Trauma Syndrome, Personality and Consequences), with relatively low psychometric indices and a new organization of the items on the QETS scales in contrast to the theoretical framework in the the original instrument. It is suggested that new psychometric studies analyze the scales of the questionnaire separately and investigate other professional categories, especially in the area of emergency services and comparative studies with clinical samples.

Resumen El estrés traumático secundario se caracteriza por un conjunto de síntomas y conductas que se manifiestan después de la exposición indirecta al trauma. Los profesionales que cuidan a las personas traumatizadas son susceptibles al trastorno. Este estudio examinó estructura interna de la versión brasileña del Cuestionario de Estrés Traumático Secundario. Participaron 624 profesionales de la salud, accediendo al cuestionario online. Para la realización de los análisis factoriales la muestra fue dividida en dos grupos. En el análisis exploratorio, se retuvieron 12 componentes, con cargas factoriales entre 0.312 y 0.999. El análisis confirmatorio reveló que el modelo de doce factores para 50 ítems proporcionó el mejor ajuste posible para los datos (RMSEA = 0.044; IC = 10% -90%; CFI = 0.949; TLI = 0.904). Sin embargo, al final de la discusión de los datos quedaron 48 ítems en el modelo. El índice de consistencia interna general del modelo fue de 0,91. Estos doce factores se distribuyeron en cuatro escalas (Antecedentes, Síndrome de Trauma Secundario, Personalidad y Consecuencias), con índices psicométricos relativamente bajos y una nueva organización de los ítems en las escalas QETS, en contraste con la versión teórica original del instrumento. Se sugiere que nuevos estudios psicométricos analizan las escalas del cuestionario por separado e investiguen otras categorías profesionales, especialmente en el área de los servicios de emergencias y estudos comparativos con amostras clínicas.

The fique is a plant typical of the Colombian Andes, from which relatively common items are fabricated. One of these is woven fabric extensively applied in sackcloths. The mechanical strength of fique fabric have motivated recent investigations on possible reinforcement of polymer matrix composites. For this purpose its thermo-mechanical behavior was unveiled. In particular, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of fique fabric reinforced polyester matrix composites disclosed improved viscoelastic behavior in association with change in the glass transition temperature. The present work extends this investigation to epoxy matrix, which is one of the most employed thermoset polymer for composite matrix. Fique fabric volumetric fractions of up to 50% are for the first time incorporated into epoxy composites. It was found that these incorporations significantly increased the viscoelastic stiffness of the composite, given by the storage modulus (E’), in the temperature interval from -50 to 170°C. An accentuated softening in viscoelastic stiffness was revealed for all composites above 75°C. Peaks in both the loss modulus (E”) and tangent delta (tan δ), respectively associated with the lower and upper limits of the glass transition temperature, were shifted towards higher temperatures with increasing amount of fique fabric.

Firearms threat has always been a matter of personal concern, especially to soldiers in armed conflicts as well as police officers and civilians involved with public security. A multilayered armor system (MAS) is intended to personal protection against high kinetic energy ammunition, such as that used in rifles. MAS layers are normally composed of a front ceramic followed by a layer that must show both high impact resistance and low weight. Usually, synthetic fiber fabrics, such as aramid in Kevlar® and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWP) in Dyneema® are commonly used as the second layer. Currently, composites reinforced with natural fibers are also being considered as second MAS layer due to their good performance associated with the advantages of being cheaper and environmentally friendly. The fique is a relatively unknown natural fiber extracted from leaves of a plant native of South American Andes. In the present work, fique fibers and fique fabrics incorporated in polyester composite plates with volume fraction of 10, 20 and 30% were ballistic tested. The calculated projectile loss of energy indicated a relatively large energy dissipation by the composite. The tested specimens were statistically treated by the Weibull analysis and were examined by scanning electron microscopy.

Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) fiber is one of several lignocellulosic fibers with superior strength, but the least investigated, particularly as reinforcement in strong, tough polymeric composites. This paper presents mechanical properties for polyester reinforced with aligned ramie fibers up to 30% by volume. It was found that adding 30 vol% of ramie fibers increases the flexural strength of polyester about three times (212 ± 12 MPa vs. 63 ± 7 MPa) and tensile strength by a factor of two (89 ± 9 MPa vs. 53 ± 3 MPa). Polyester-ramie fiber composites also displayed a significant improvement in toughness. The impact energy values, as measured by Charpy and Izod impact tests, increased nearly two orders of magnitude for 30 vol% ramie fiber composite as compared to neat polyester. Additionally, fractographic studies revealed reasonable wetting of fibers by the polyester resin, and FTIR analysis confirmed a hydrophilic nature of ramie fibers. In spite of weak adhesion between hydrophilic fibers and hydrophobic matrix, composites of improved strength and toughness were demonstrated in this study. Limited fiber-matrix adhesion was reflected in preferential longitudinal propagation of cracks along the fiber/polyester interfaces, indicating also that most of the fracture area is associated with the fiber surface.

The interval of existence of dynamic strain aging (DSA) in AISI type 304 austenitic stainless steel subjected to quasi-static tension tests, under strain rates from 3.5 x 10-2 to 3.5 x 10-4 s-1, in the temperature range from 25 to 800ºC was investigated. It was found that DSA occurs in the range extending from around 200 to 700ºC. Plastic instabilities associated with serrations, Portevin-Chatelier effect, allowed activation energies to be calculated and a possible mechanism of dislocation interaction with interstitial carbon atoms to be proposed. Significant increase in the ultimate strength, uniform elongation and work hardening demonstrate that DSA is a relevant phenomenon, which improves the high temperature mechanical properties of 304 steel.

Two distinct AISI type 316 stainless steels, of Brazilian and Swedish origins, were compared regarding their creep fracture mechanisms at 600, 700 and 800°C. The possible mechanisms associated with the creep fracture strength were identified by means of fracture maps proposed either by Ashby and collaborators or by Miller and Langdon. Experimental creep results were consistent with the general Ashby and collaborators map for face centered cubic alloys. By contrast, the two different 316 steel displayed significant differences in the model-based map of Miller and Langdon. In the present work, changes in the maps frontier are proposed as well as the introduction of a new field in the map related to grain boundary precipitation. These propositions allowed the Miller and Langdon map to be coherent with the experimental creep fracture results of both 316 stainless steels.

OBJECTIVE: Advances in graft reepithelialization and revascularization have renewed interest in airway transplantation. This study aims to determine whether topically applied preservation solutions can ameliorate ischemic injury to tracheal grafts. We analyzed 1) the effects of cold ischemia on the mucociliary clearance of tracheal grafts and 2) the impact of topically applied preservation solutions on the effects of cold ischemia on mucociliary clearance. METHOD: Tracheal segments (n=217) from 109 male Wistar rats were harvested, submerged in low-potassium-dextran-glucose, histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate, or saline solution (saline group), and stored at 4°C for 6, 10, 16, or 24 hours. A control group (not submerged) was analyzed immediately after harvesting. In situ mucociliary transport and ciliary beating frequency were measured using a stroboscope. Epithelial integrity, cellular infiltration, and mucus storage were quantified by light microscopy and image analysis software, along with transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: 1) The effects of cold ischemia: in situ mucociliary transport and ciliary beating frequency were greater in the control group than after cold ischemia. Microscopic analysis results were similar between groups. 2) The effects of preservation solutions: there was no difference between the low-potassium-dextran-glucose, histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate, and saline groups in functional or light microscopy analysis. The saline group presented stronger signs of ischemic injury with transmission electron microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Cold ischemia diminished the mucociliary clearance of the tracheal respiratory epithelium. Topically applied preservation solutions did not ameliorate the injury caused by cold ischemia to the tracheal respiratory epithelium.

OBJETIVO: Apenas 15% dos pulmões doados são aproveitados para transplante. Um novo método de Perfusão Pulmonar Ex Vivo (PPEV) foi desenvolvido e pode ser usado para avaliação e recondicionamento de pulmões "marginais" e rejeitados para o transplante. Esse trabalho relata nossa experiência com a avaliação funcional da PPEV. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados pulmões de 12 doadores considerados inapropriados para transplante pulmonar. Após a captação, os pulmões são perfundidos ex vivo com Steen Solution, uma solução de composição eletrolítica extracelular com alta pressão coloidosmótica. Um oxigenador de membrana ligado ao circuito recebe uma mistura gasosa (nitrogênio e dióxido de carbono) e "desoxigena" o perfusato, mantendo uma concentração de gases semelhante a do sangue venoso. Os pulmões são gradualmente aquecidos, perfundidos e ventilados. A avaliação dos órgãos é feita por gasometrias e medidas como a resistência vascular pulmonar (RVP) e complacência pulmonar (CP). RESULTADOS: A PaO2 (FiO2 100%) passou de um valor médio de 193,3 mmHg no doador para 495,3 mmHg durante a PPEV. Após uma hora de PPEV, a RVP média era de 737,3 dinas/seg/ cm5 e a CP era de 42,2 ml/cmH2O. CONCLUSÕES: O modelo de avaliação pulmonar ex vivo pode melhorar a capacidade de oxigenação de pulmões "marginais" inicialmente rejeitados para transplante. Isso denota um grande potencial do método para aumentar a disponibilidade de pulmões para transplante e, possivelmente, reduzir o tempo de espera nas filas.

OBJECTIVE: Only about 15% of the potential candidates for lung donation are considered suitable for transplantation. A new method for ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has been developed and can be used for evaluation and reconditioning of "marginal" and unacceptable lungs. This is a report of functional evaluation experience with ex vivo perfusion of twelve donor lungs deemed unacceptable in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: After harvesting, the lungs are perfused ex vivo with Steen Solution, an extra-cellular solution with high colloid osmotic pressure. A membrane oxygenator connected to the circuit receives gas from a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide and maintains a normal mixed venous blood gas level in the perfusate. The lungs are gradually rewarmed, reperfused and ventilated. They are evaluated through analyses of oxygenation capacity, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), lung compliance (LC). RESULTS: The arterial oxygen pressure (with inspired oxygen fractions of 100%) increased from a mean of 193.3 mmHg in the organ donor at the referring hospital to a mean of 495.3 mmHg during the ex vivo evaluation. After 1 hour of EVLP, mean PVR was 737.3 dynes/sec/cm5, and mean LC was 42.2 ml/cmH2O. CONCLUSIONS: The ex vivo evaluation model can improve oxygenation capacity of "marginal" lungs rejected for transplantation. It has a great potential to increase lung donor availability and, possibly, to reduce the waiting time on the list.

Tumores glômicos são raras neoplasias benignas de tecidos moles. Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 32 anos de idade que apresentava atelectasia em lobo superior direito devido a um tumor endobrônquico. O paciente foi submetido a lobectomia superior direita e broncoplastia em cunha. O diagnóstico patológico foi de tumor glômico endobrônquico. Até onde sabemos, essa apresentação com atelectasia em lobo superior direito nunca foi relatada. O tumor glômico deve ser considerado no diagnóstico diferencial de lesões endobrônquicas que causam atelectasia lobar.

Glomus tumors are uncommon benign soft tissue neoplasms. We report the case of a 32-year-old male who presented with right upper lobe atelectasis due to an endobronchial tumor. The patient underwent right upper lobectomy and wedge bronchoplasty. The pathological diagnosis was bronchial glomus tumor. To our knowledge, this presentation (with right upper lobe atelectasis) has never before been reported. Glomus tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of endobronchial lesions causing lobar atelectasis.